Literature Coursework Essay

The play a View from the Bridge is a cutting edge Greek disaster, which tracks the ruin of one person. This is Eddie Carbone, an Italian man, with the convictions of the Italian culture. Eddie, with his significant other Beatrice and niece Catherine, live in Redhook, Brooklyn, a ghetto as the individuals there calls it and now it is known as that. Brooklyn has an enormous Italian people group. Numerous individuals who live in Redhook are for the most part Italian. The appearance of Beatrice’s cousin Marco and his sibling Rodolpho two illicit outsiders who must be left well enough alone structure the Immigration specialists, in America to live a ‘American Dream’, makes the entire play impetus. The play is a catastrophe thus a great deal of animosity is incorporated. The catastrophe centers around the private and public activity of Eddie Carbone. The conventional, social convictions of how to be an Italian man is a ruin. The belief’s on the best way to be a genuine Italian man is to get back equity, on the off chance that you get injured. This is actually what happens to Eddie. In the event that any of these Italian convictions weren’t set up the play wouldn’t have finished as such a â€Å"bloody course†. The entire play is changed when the two siblings show up in the ghetto neighborhood. Eddie, who is Catherine’s uncle, however acts like a dad to her, is so defensive over her and guides her and what not to do. In any case, Beatrice feels that Catherine is mature enough to go out to work, and to draw in the consideration of youngsters as she strolls down the road. Alfieri who is a legal advisor knows the two sides of the story and furthermore recognizes what will occur next in the play. Alfieri is the sort of man who isn't terrible tempered. He attempts to control everything what goes on, and doesn’t need anything to turn out badly. He realizes what Eddie will get at long last, by acting the manner in which he is. This incorporates being desirous, and not being cheerful for Catherine, the manner in which she is. In this exposition I will look at the thoughts of masculinity, antagonistic vibe and animosity. I will look at how these are associated. During the majority of the heartbreaking play, Marco is discussed emphatically. This is appeared as Marco works day and night exceptionally hard, and with physical quality. Marco is thought of decidedly by a couple of individuals toward the beginning of the play, when they show up, in America, as foreigners. Eddie is one of the individuals that think emphatically as he says: â€Å"Marco circumvents like a man; No one children Marco†. This statement is indicating that Eddie thinks emphatically of Marco. He accepts that as a man you ought to be genuinely solid. He is stating that Marco is not kidding; he needs to accomplish work and send cash he procures home, to his significant other and youngsters. Marco has come to America to accomplish work, and that’s what he does. No one children around with Marco. Marco shows considerably more manliness when he says he thinks such a great amount about his family in Italy, that he will send everything, directly to them. He says this to show his manliness: â€Å"I send everything†. He says this statement when he is conversing with Beatrice about his better half. He shows manliness he discusses sending cash home, and that’s why he has come to America, to work for his family. It recommends to us he is a man, since he sends cash to take care of his significant other and kids. It discloses to us that he is the man of the house. Marco doesn’t flaunt quite a bit of his manliness, however at a certain point, he stands up for his sibling, Rodolpho and gives Eddie a test. Eddie is tested by Marco and this is where he shows his manliness. Where Marco advises Eddie to lift the seat: â€Å"Can you lift this seat? † Eddie realizes that now he has been tested. He wants to lift the seat. He gives it a go, attempting to show his physical quality, however lamentably flops multiple times, to fulfill Marco’s guidelines. Marco then shows off his physical quality by lifting the seat over his head. Marco doesn’t like to truly flaunt, before individuals, yet now he protects his sibling by making Eddie accomplish something. Eddie’s perspective on the most proficient method to be a genuine man and show the manliness you have is to do certain things. He discusses these when he is conversing with Alfieri or Beatrice. He believes a great deal of things to be masculine. He alludes essentially to Rodolpho when he directs sentiments toward Alfieri. He needs authority and he acts like he is the man of the house. Eddie likes masculinity to mean, physical quality, persevering and authority. In any case, when he is conversing with Beatrice, he infers that Rodolpho is gay. Obviously we don’t know this without a doubt, however he says it so it causes us to accept that he is gay. It says that he cooks, sings and even makes dresses. Eddie surely doesn’t’ favor of him, particularly when Catherine is pulled in to him. Eddie figures he does a great deal of ladies employments. Eddie shows authority, this is appeared, in light of the fact that when Catherine is going out with Rodolpho he doesn’t let her. This is appeared in the scene with a phase bearing: He moves to Catherine. This shows Eddie is defensive. He prevents Catherine from going out, with high heels on. He reprimands her to take her shoes. Eddie wins the contention as Catherine tunes in and she removes the high heels. This shows Eddie has his power. On the off chance that he doesn’t get this he incorporates physical animosity. Eddie is stating that men ought to have control of what ladies do. Eddie additionally mentions to us what as a man you ought to do. He calls attention to this when he is conversing with Beatrice. She doesn’t concur with something what Eddie says about Rodolpho. Eddie needs authority thus he shows this by saying that a spouse ought to concur with what her significant other needs to state: â€Å"A wife should accept he husband. On the off chance that I reveal to you the person ain’t right, don’t disclose to me his is right†. By saying this he implies that Beatrice ought to concur with what the spouse needs to state, so in the event that he says that Rodolpho ain’t right, Beatrice ought to concur that Rodolpho ain’t right. He is indicating he has authority and is man of the house. The manners by which Rodolpho during the play doesn’t adjust to the Italian convictions of manliness is the point at which he says and does things those lone ladies do. These included cooking, singing and making dresses. Swirls perspective is for men to try sincerely and be not kidding. Rodolpho attempts to show his manliness, however flops drastically. This is obviously appeared, when Rodolpho has been advised to leave by Eddie, and Catherine says that she will likewise leave. Rodolpho gets very furious and chooses to tell Eddie, that he needs Catherine to be his better half. Eddie doesn’t concur by any means. It’s evident why, since he thinks Rodolpho is gay. Eddie doesn’t accommodate of his manliness by any stretch of the imagination. This is on the grounds that Rodolpho doesn’t at all show a lot of manliness. The outcome of this is when Rodolpho blows up, he attempts to assault Eddie. He doesn't prevail with regards to doing that thus Eddie pins him down. This is told by a phase course:

Free Essays on Joan Miro

Working Thesis: The Catalan battle and Spanish Civil War significantly impacted Joan Mir㠳’s workmanship; Mir㠳’s procedures of commanding strokes with paint and earthenware production empower Mirã ³ to communicate his sentiments and delineate the Catalan people’s battle through craftsmanship. Oddity during the 1920s was characterized as a fabulous course of action of materials that affected Mirã ³, because of the way that he was one of the most unique and thoughtful specialists during the Surrealism time frames. Mirã ³ was naturally introduced to the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain (Munro 288). Being naturally introduced to the Catalan culture allowed Mirã ³ a chance to have an extraordinary patriot movement. In which much consideration was paid not exclusively to political articulations of the requirement for self-governance, yet additionally to the re-Catalanizing of consistently life (Higdon 1). â€Å"It was important to battle with the goal that Catalan, our language may be perceived as a social language† (â€Å"Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬ ). In 1910 Mir㠳’s guardians purchased a masia which is a kind of conventional farmstead of Catalonia, where the family has its underlying foundations on the fatherly side. Mirã ³ portrayed the masia in his artistic creation The Farm of 1921-1922 (Figure1). Merciful Greenburg a dear companion of Mirã ³ who is likewise a pundit, said that Mir㠳’s workmanship depends on thoughts â€Å"of painting as an unavoidable two dimensional medium† (Munro 289). Greenburg likewise expressed â€Å"Mirà ³ is known for his practically complete absence of enthusiasm for political matters† (Munro 289). The main thing that truly kept Mirã ³ intrigued was his kin and their way of life. What truly shot Mirã ³ down was the Spanish Civil War, he expressed that â€Å"I am not for rebellion. I am in favor for Spanish solidarity, European solidarity, and World unity.† He accepted that they ought to have the option to praise their legends, and maintain their own laws (Higdon 1). Being Catalan was quite hard on Mirã ³ just as his kin and their way of life. For one, the administration attempted to close them out or ... Free Essays on Joan Miro Free Essays on Joan Miro Working Thesis: The Catalan battle and Spanish Civil War enormously impacted Joan Mir㠳’s workmanship; Mir㠳’s methods of compelling strokes with paint and pottery empower Mirã ³ to communicate his sentiments and portray the Catalan people’s battle through craftsmanship. Oddity during the 1920s was characterized as a phenomenal course of action of materials that affected Mirã ³, because of the way that he was one of the most unique and thoughtful craftsmen during the Surrealism time frames. Mirã ³ was naturally introduced to the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain (Munro 288). Being naturally introduced to the Catalan culture allowed Mirã ³ a chance to have a serious patriot action. In which much consideration was paid not exclusively to political articulations of the requirement for self-rule, yet in addition to the re-Catalanizing of consistently life (Higdon 1). â€Å"It was important to battle with the goal that Catalan, our language may be perceived as a social language† (â€Å"Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬ ). In 1910 Mir㠳’s guardians purchased a masia which is a kind of customary farmstead of Catalonia, where the family has its underlying foundations on the fatherly side. Mirã ³ portrayed the masia in his composition The Farm of 1921-1922 (Figure1). Merciful Greenburg a dear companion of Mirã ³ who is likewise a pundit, said that Mir㠳’s craftsmanship depends on thoughts â€Å"of painting as an unalterable two dimensional medium† (Munro 289). Greenburg additionally expressed â€Å"Mirà ³ is known for his practically complete absence of enthusiasm for political matters† (Munro 289). The main thing that truly kept Mirã ³ intrigued was his kin and their way of life. What truly shot Mirã ³ down was the Spanish Civil War, he expressed that â€Å"I am not for dissent. I am in favor for Spanish solidarity, European solidarity, and World unity.† He accepted that they ought to have the option to praise their legends, and comply with their own laws (Higdon 1). Being Catalan was quite hard on Mirã ³ just as his kin and their way of life. For one, the administration attempted to close them out or ...

Greetings from Hong Kong!

Greetings from Hong Kong! Ni hao! I am writing this from a little café in Hong Kong’s Central districtâ€"it’s been a whirlwind of sorts since I moved here in late January, but I’m finally starting to feel settled. I hope to do a better job of blogging regularly so that I can share all the highs and lows of the study abroad life with you readers. Since the semester began, I’ve had the chance to attend various Hong Kong Chinese New Year celebrations, learn some basic Cantonese, discover some life-changing dim sum restaurants, and I recently traveled with friends to Taiwan for the Lantern Festival in Pingxi (see photos below). Next on the docket is a trip to Bangkok, Thailand! I plan to cover certain aspects of study abroad like classes and travel in more detail, but if there’s anything that you’re particularly curious about, comment and let me know! I’m happy to answer any questions about Hong Kong or study abroad in general. I’ll be in touch ?? P.S. Congratulations, Class of 2021! You did it! Sights from the Chinese New Year parade in Hong Kong. Me and a fellow Illini taking in the city lights at Victoria Harbor. The best dim sum Ive ever had at a place called Din Tai Fungâ€"the average wait is around 100 minutes! Me at the Pingxi Lantern Festival in Taiwan. New Years decorations at a temple in Taipei. Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Knights of Labor Union Pioneered Labor Reforms

The Knights of Labor was the first major American labor union. It was first formed in 1869 as a secret society of garment cutters in Philadelphia. The organization, under its full name, Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, grew throughout the 1870s, and by the mid-1880s it had a membership of more than 700,000. The union organized strikes and was able to secure negotiated settlements from hundreds of employers across the United States. Its eventual leader, Terence Vincent Powderly, was for a time the most famous labor leader in America. Under Powderlys leadership, the Knights of Labor transformed from its secretive roots to a much more prominent organization. The Haymarket Riot in Chicago on May 4, 1886, was blamed on the Knights of Labor, and the union was unfairly discredited in the eyes of the public. The American labor movement coalesced around a new organization, the American Federation of Labor, which was formed in December 1886. Membership of the Knights of Labor plummeted, and by the mid-1890s it had lost all its former influence and had less than 50,000 members. Origins of the Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor was organized at a meeting in Philadelphia on Thanksgiving Day, 1869. As some of the organizers had been members of fraternal organizations, the new union took on a number of trappings such as obscure rituals and a fixation on secrecy. The organization used the motto An injury to one is the concern of all. The union recruited workers in all fields, skilled and unskilled, which was an innovation.  Up to that point, labor organizations tended to focus on particularly skilled trades, thus leaving common workers with virtually no organized representation. The organization grew throughout the 1870s, and in 1882, under the influence of its new leader, Terence Vincent Powderly, an Irish Catholic machinist, the union did away with the rituals and ceased to be a secretive organization. Powderly had been active in local politics in Pennsylvania and had even served as the mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania. With his grounding in practical politics, he was able to move the once-secretive organization into a growing movement. The membership nationwide grew to about 700,000 by 1886, though it plummeted after the suspected connection to the Haymarket Riot. By the 1890s Powderly was forced out as the organizations president, and the union lost most of its force. Powderly eventually wound up working for the federal government, working on immigration issues. In time the role of the Knights of Labor was essentially taken over by other organizations, most notably the newer American Federation of Labor. The legacy of the Knights of Labor is mixed. It ultimately failed to deliver on its early promise, however, it did prove that a nationwide labor organization could be practical. And by including unskilled workers in its membership, the Knights of Labor pioneered a widespread labor movement. Later labor activists were inspired by the egalitarian nature of the Knights of Labor while also learning from the organizations mistakes.

Biography Of Ludwig Van Beethoven s Influence On The...

Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn. He born on December 17, 1770, and died on March 16, 1827. He was a German composer and musician, one of Vienna’s classical music representatives. His music had a great contribution to the world music. He set the culmination of classical music in the Classical Era (1750-1820), while opening up the road of the romantic music in the Romantic Era (1820-1900), played an important role on the development of world music. He created â€Å"nine numbered symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 20 violin sonatas, 16 string quartets, an opera and two mass†( Wikipedia) in his life. These works have a profound influence on the development of music. In East Asia, Beethoven was known as a Saint of music. He was a phenomenon among many musicians. Even he was totally deaf in his later period, he still continued to compose his music. Specially, â€Å"many of his most admired works come from this period† (Wikipedia). His whole life has been devoted to th e music. When Beethoven was a child, his talent for music had been acceptable. According to Joseph Kerman’s article, it stated that Christian Gottlob Neefe wrote the first printed notice for Beethoven (March 2, 1783): â€Å"Louis van Beethoven, son of the tenor singer already mentioned, a boy of 11 years and of most promising talent. He plays the piano very skillfully and with power †¦ This youthful genius is deserving of help to enable him to travel. He would surely become a second Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart if he were toShow MoreRelated Beethoven Essay2971 Words   |  12 Pagessuffering, pure and profound, enters as an integral part into Beethovenamp;#8217;s greatest work, that helps to give that work its unique place in the minds and hearts of men.;(Marek, 634) These words of compassion come from J. W. N. Sullivan during Ludwig van Beethovenamp;#8217;s funeral. They express the regret and sense of loss felt by people all over the world as they caught news of his end. Beethoven was and is a cornerstone for music of all kinds in that he combined new color, imagination, structureRead MoreThe Symphony Of The Key Of Change3582 Words   |  15 PagesChristina Cheng Professor Davidson MUSIC 89S: Composers of Influence November 12, 2014 The Symphony in the Key of Change: The Evolving Symphonic Landscape as Beethoven Influenced It The famed American pianist and composer Les Baxter once said, â€Å"Any good music must be an innovation.† Indeed, the works of Beethoven and the successors that he influenced have lived on because they possess a certain quality of enduring musical entrepreneurship. As Beethoven straddled the line between the Classical andRead MoreIntroduction to Oboe and Bassoon3379 Words   |  14 PagesHottorre. He was responsible for breaking the instrument down the one-piece dulcian into 4 sections (bell, bass joint, boot and wing joint). The modern Bassoon exists in two distinct primary forms the Buffett system and the Heckle system. Most of the world plays the Heckle system, while the Buffett system is primarily in France, Belgium, and parts of Latin America. Bassoon techniques The Bassoon is held diagonally in front of the player, but unlike the flute, oboe, and clarinet, it cannot be supported

Criminal Record Management Free Essays

CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT TEAM NAME: THE constructorS THE GREAT MIND CHALLENGE 2012 CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, MADHYA PRADESH Team Guide: Dr. Anurag Shrivastava Members: NITIKA IPG-2011-070 HIMANI SHARMA IPG-2011-042 PRIYANKA AGRAWAL IPG-2011-082 Department: Information Technology 1 1 THE constructorS THE constructorS State: Madhya Pradesh CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction: 1. 1 Purpose 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Record Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope 1. 3 Definition, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 1. 4 References 1. 5 Tools to be used 1. 6 Technologies to be used 1. 7 Overview 2. 0 Overall Description 2. 1 Product Perspective 2. 2 Software Interface 2. 3 Hardware Interface 2. 4 Product Function 2. 5 User Characteristics 2. 6 Constraints 2. 7 Architecture Design 2. 8 use Case Model Description 2. 9. 1 Class Diagram 2. 9. 2 Sequence Diagrams 2. 10. 1 ER Diagram 2. 10. 2 Schema 2. 11 Assumptions and Dependencies 3. 0 Specific Requirements 3. 1 Use caTHE constructorS THE constructorS se Reports 2 2 3. 2 Supplementary RequirementsCRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION Police provides safety to citizens. It always remains steady for arresting any criminal who is a threat for the safety of society. After registering the FIR from any citizen, police starts its work and on that basis it arrests the criminals if proofs are found against them. Once the criminals are arrested, police starts investigation from them. After getting all the proofs against the criminal, it is the duty of the police to present all the proofs honestly to the court so that the right man can get right punishment. The true and right information provided by the people to police helps a lot in arresting the criminals who try to spoil the peaceful environment of society. Along with low salary scale, facilities of modern technology such as computerized system of keeping records are not provided to police department which causes low efficiency. As it is the age of computers and all the organizations today use computers to maintain their records, so this facility should also be given to police department in order to increase their efficiency and to save their time. 1. 1 Purpose- Purpose of this Project is to implement a CRM (Criminal Record Management). This is a database system in which police will keep the record of Criminals who have been arrested, to be arrested or escaped. This will help the Police department to manage their records easily. In police system when an incident occurs, a Petitioner reports an FIR (First Information Report). Police starts investigation according to law on this FIR. An investigation Officer supervises the investigation process. The main concerning people in the whole process are Petitioner (The person who files an FIR), Victim, Accused/Criminal, investigation officer. . 2 Scope: The Scope of the criminal record management includes:- The scope of the CRIMINAL RECORD MANGEMENT involves all the prohibitions record- data under CRM project and since it is a vastly implicated record by the crime related department therefore the scope though limited to be implicated yet. * Meant for 5 different users 1) Jail Superintendent 2) Polic e Officers 3) CBI officers 4) Administrator 5) Judge * All have their own profiles in CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT(CRM) Administrators maintains database, backup and restore data time to time. Police officer can look for criminal’s history, can transfer criminal to another jail. * CBI officer can look for details of any criminal. * Judge can look for criminal’s record, decide criminal’s punishment. * Police superintendent records all necessary data about a criminal and update databaseTHE constructorS THE constructorS 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms ; Abbreviations: 1. 3 3 THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRM: criminal Record management. 2. HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language): It is used to create static web pages. . JSP (Java Server Pages): It is used to create dynamic web content. 4. J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition): It is a programming platform, belonging to the Java platform, which is used for developing and runn ing distributed java applications. 5. WSAD (Web-Sphere Studio Application Developer): It is a designer toolkit which is designed to develop more complex projects by providing a complete dynamic web service. 6. WASCE (Web-Sphere Application Server Community Edition): It is an application server that runs and supports the J2EE and the web service applications. . DB2 (IBM Database 2): It is a database management system that provides a flexible and efficient database platform to raise a strong â€Å"on demand† business applications. 8. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): It is a transaction oriented client/ server protocol between a web browser and a web server. 9. XML (Extensible Mark-up Language): It is a markup language that was designed to transport and store data. 10. Ajax (Asynchronous Java Script and XML): It is a technique used in java script to create dynamic web pages. 11. Web 2. : It is commonly associated with web applications which facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centred design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. 12. UML: Unified Modelling Language is a standard language for writing software blueprints. The UML may be used to visualize, specify, construct and document. 13. RAD: Rational Application Developer is a development tool that helps to design web pages and also helps to design the diagrams like ER, Database schema diagrams and to generate DDL. 1. 4 References: * IBM TGMC Sample Synopsis * IBM- www. ibm. in/develeporworks * THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Java- www. sun. com * Wikipedia- www. wikipedia. com * Complete Reference-J2EE * 4 4 Object Oriented Modelling and Design with UML-Michael Blaha, James Ram Baugh. * Software Engineering, Seventh Edition, Ian Somerville. * IBM Red Books. * Database Management Systems – Nava the. 1. 5 Tools to be used * ROSE/RSA / Web-Sphere Modeler * Eclipse/ RAD / Lotus Forms Designer / Portlet Factory * Web-Sphere Portal/ WAS/ WAS CE / WPS * DB2 Express – ‘C’ or DB2 UDB * Tivoli CDP/TSM / Tivoli Directory Server * Linux as the preferred OS. 1. Technologies To Be Used: * J2EE: (Servlet, JSP, JAXP, Java Beans) Application architecture. * JAVA: Application architecture. * WASCE: (Web-Sphere Application Server Community Edition) Web Server * DB2: IBM Database. * RAD 7. 0: Development tool 1. 7 Overview:- * A professional looking user interface with login IDs for criminals, police officers, superintendents, administrator and judge. * Once recruited all the users access their right to respected functions or actions as enlisted later. * Another component of this is the reports generated in response to:- a) Registration confirmations. ) Statement of security and privacy. c) Print outs for criminal’s history. * Functions/actions of – 1) Jail Superintendent * Register the new Criminal. * Record the Crime type and details of the crime. * Take the information like photo from 3 different view, blood group, finger print, retina scan and DNA information. * THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Search Criminal with any of the above input. * CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Update the new crime of existing criminal. * 5 5 Maintain the current location of the criminal (i. . Cell No. , Jail Name etc. ) * Maintain the records of meeting with outsiders. * Record the data of health condition if any. * Assign works. 2) Police Officers * Search the criminal by name/blood group/type of crime/Jail No. /DNA/Image/Sketch. * Transfer the criminal to another jail. * Access full information of criminals. 3) CBI Officers * Search the criminal by name/blood group/type of crime/Jail No. /DNA/Image/Sketch. * Access full information of criminals. 4) Administrator * Maintain the database. * Grant/Revoke role to/from other Users. * Backup and restore of data. * Monitor the Jail Administration. ) Judge * Access information of criminals. * THE constructorS THE constructorS Also access information about other Users. * CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Reduce/Increase the level of punishment. * 6 6 Transfer the criminal to other location. * Constraints – a) The content and graphical user interface is in English. b) Login and password is for identification. c) The allowed person is allowed to access the database only upto a limited extend. d) This system is limited to HTTP/HTTPS. e) This sy stem is working for single server only. 2. 0 Overall Description:- 2. 1 Product Perspective: THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT 2. 2 Software Interface: * Client on Internet Web Browser, Operating System (LINUX preferred) * Web Server WASCE, Operating System (LINUX preferred) * Data Base Server CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT DB2, Operating System (LINUX preferred) * Development End RAD (J2EE, Java, Java Bean, Servlets, HTML, XML, AJAX), DB2, OS (LINUX preferred), Web-Sphere(Web Server) 7 7 2. 3 Hardware Interface: 2. 3. 1 Client Side: * Browser- Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,NN, * Processor- All Intel or AMD- 1 GHZ Ram- 256 MB * Disk space- 100 MB 2. 3. 2 Server Side: * For RAD * Processor- All Intel or AMD- 1 GHZ * Ram- 2 GB * Disk space- 5 GB * For DB 10. 12 * Processor- All Intel or AMD- 1 GHZ * Ram- 512 MB * Disk space- 500 MB 2. 4 Product Function-The SIC client should be running on the client system so as to track the account details of the user. The server will only respond to those syste ms where the client is running THE constructorS THE constructorS 2. 5 User characteristics 1. General Users: They will be in a position to permit access to the users in the Internet and acknowledge their account status. 2. Administrators: They are the core users and are able to add new users to the system and permit them to access the Internet resources. They can also view in real time what a user is performing right now. They can also get the overall report of the user sessions. 3. Client Users: They login at the client level and this is to get access to the Internet at the client level. They can also view their account status in the client system. 2. 6 CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Constraints – * 8 8 The content and graphical user interface is in English. * Login and password is for identification. The allowed person is allowed to access the database only upto a limited extend. * This system is limited to HTTP/HTTPS. * This system is working for single server only. 2. 7 CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Architecture DESIGN- THE constructorS THE constructorS 9 9 2. 8 Use Case Model Description- CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Us er – User can log in after registration then look for site , give information like name, Location, other Information about the criminals. Administrator- Administrator monitors the details of criminals, aggregates feedback, Backup restore of data. Manager- Works same as administrator and also monitors , and works on input from feedback Public reviews – They query or give reviews on open web based funds listed for utilization, maintaining proper confidentiality 2. 9. 1 Class Diagram- User| Managers| Admin | User-name | User-id() | User-id() | Password| Password() | Password() | Sign-up() | Login() | Login() | Search-criminal() | Feedback() | Criminal()| Contact-details() | Criminal()| View-status()| Feedback() | | Add-new Criminal() | THE constructorS THE constructorS Login() | | 10 10 | CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT 2. 9. Sequence Diagram- THE constructorS THE constructorS THE constructorS THE constructorS 11 11 CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT 2. 10. 1 ER DIAGRAM- THE constructorS THE constructorS 12 12 THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT 2. 10. 2 SCHEMA- CRIMINALS| Name| Criminal id| Occupation| Date of Arrest| Date of bir th| Crime| Punishment Details| Address| Sex| Finger Print| Blood Group| Photograph| Punishment starts on| Punishment ends on| Bail (if given)| Health report| Unwanted activity during punishment| Jail Details| Site Admin| Name| Email id| Date of birth| Sex| Occupation| Qualification| Contact Number| Password | Country| Expert User| Name| Email id| Date of birth| Sex| Occupation| Qualification| Achievement| Contact_num| Password| City| Country| Registered Profile| Name| Email- Id| Sex| Password| Address| Date of birth| Contact Number| Police station| Station Id| Station Name| Station Location| Station In-charge| Lock up room| Lock up Number| Lock up Location| Room size| Maximum Capacity(allowed)| Present status| Criminal In Jail| Jail Id| Criminal id| MEDIA| Media Id| Media Name| Media Type| 13 13 2. 11 Assumptions and Dependencies Initially only two locations are connected to the SIC * Each location is always connected, whether an operator is logged on at the remote location or not * Each User must have a User-ID and password * There is only one Administrator. * Server must always run under Linux system * Internet connection is a must. * Proper browsers should be installed * Text readers should be ins talled to view the help files. THE constructorS THE constructorS CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT THE constructorS THE constructorS 3. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE- 3. 0 Specific Requirements – 1) The details within it should be defined as individual specific requirements, following the guidelines for sound requirements (verifiable, unambiguous, etc. ) (2) Specific requirements should be organized in a logical and readable fashion. (3) Each requirement should be stated such that its achievement can be objectively verified by a prescribed method. (4) Sources of a requirement should be identified where that is useful in understanding the requirement. (5) One way to classify the specific requirements is as follows 14 14 3. 1 Use Case Reports- CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT Use case| Description| Login| The user has to register for first time then log in| Update Profile| Information like current address, ration card etc. | Give feedback| Giving feedback to the manager| 15 15 THE constructorS 7 THE constructorS 7 Use case| Description| Login| The Administrator has to register for first time then log in| History of criminal| Keeps record and check of criminal| Aggregate feedback| Collect feedback from User| Give feedback| Give personal and collected feedback to manager| Ask query| Ask query to the manager| Use case | Description| Login | The Manager has to register for first time then log in| History of criminal| The Administrator has to register for first time then log in| Aggregate feedback| Collect feedback from user| Efficiency check| Checking the efficiency of database and administrator| Input from feedback| Reviewing feedback and involving concerned action| 16 16 THE constructorS 7 THE constructorS 7 3. 2 External Interface (Supplementary) Requirements-This should specify: (1) The characteristics that the software must support for each human interface to the software product. For example, if the user of the system operates through a display terminal, the following should be specified: * Required screen formats * Page layout and content of any reports or menus * Relative timing of inputs and outputs * Availability of some form of programmable function keys. CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT CRIMINAL RECORD MANAGEMENT the use of other required software products (for example, a data management system, an operating system, or a mathematical package), and interfaces with other application systems is specified below:- For each required software product, the following should be provided: * Name Mnemonic * Specification Number * Version number * Source For each interface: * The purpose of the interfacing software should be related to the software product. * It is not necessary to detail any well-documented interface, but a reference to the document defining the interface is required. (1) Safety Requirements-Highly recommend Kaspersky 2013 internet security to been Insta lled in users Pc to prevent the harm that may occurs by unwanted malicious software’s, phishing URLs and all the types of virus attacks during using this application. 2) Security Requirements-All users should be properly authenticated before allowed entry into the system authentication will be based on an E-mail address, and a password. All activities on the system must be logged. (3) Non-Functional Requirements- Secure access of confidential data (user’s details). SSL can be used. 24 X 7 availability. Better component design to get better performance at peak time. Flexible service based architecture will be highly desirable for future extension. 17 17 THE constructorS 7 THE constructorS 7 How to cite Criminal Record Management, Papers

Mental Health Nursing Health Assessments

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Health Assessments. Answer: Introduction: 1. According to the mental health assessments done on Justin, they work as therapy for mental illness. He was positive on any treatment recommended by the therapist including medication. Therefore, he has requested a male nurse to check on him which will remind him of his uncle Reggie who passed away. The impact of his modern life has even helped him to recognize the importance of his family and wishes to finish treatment within a short period that he can join his family. Due to the therapy he is going through, Justin suicidal ideation reduced and he can identify resources and supportive means in cases of such ideas (Athena, 2014). Theories are considered to be historical with cultural and some religious influences. However, there are some grand theories relating to Justins mental assessment. Comfort theory is a nursing theory and was developed in the 1990s which it described support in relief, ease and transcendence (Napier, 2014). Specific comfort needs similar to which Justin was undergoing like sleeping the whole day due to the perioperative pain of losing his uncle and also failing his family and community. According to the comfort theory, the patient is comfortable with a state of contentment and not willing to do anything the whole day (Ross, 2013). Justin condition is mainly impacted by the events that take place in his life. Being a diabetic patient then being bullied in school, losing his uncle who he looked upon led him to transcendence condition as explained in the comfort theory (Every, 2015) 2. According to Jenkins (2015), mental illness is a disease that causes trivial or severe mind disturbance affecting the patients thoughts and behaviors which may result in altering the patients demands. There are different forms of classified mental illness some with depression, bipolar disorder, and sometimes anxiety disorders. The symptoms may include moodiness, personality changes, and social withdrawal (Ross, 2013). Some mental illness may be related to stress or complicated series of uncomfortable events. Mental illness affects both physical, emotional and the psychology of the patient. According to Napier, (2014), all this are cultural courses of mental illness because mental illness may be generic or caused by environmental factors. Justin has always identified his culture strongly, and feels connected to the land and loves being in the bush and caring for his people. He has always believed in passing the substantial knowledge, wisdom and the firm sense of identity to his children (Gleig, 2014). His biggest worry is seeing his culture diminishing and even some of his cousins forgetting their culture to an extent of using drugs. Family and culture are important to Justins and respect to his elders. According to Enrico, (2013) he describes the culture and life by using the human becoming theory. The human becoming theory posits that "the quality of life by a person perspective of a quality life which is a reflection of bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach" which according to Justin was in the culture (Ross, 2013). 3. Values and attributes from the way mentally ill patients are served and delivered. By respecting Justins family traditional culture. Through respecting diversity cultures among families and spirituality, it would be much easy to talk to Justin (Harriet, 2015). All the people have the right to choose their culture and be respected by everyone and protected privacy. Attributes are a way of thinking which is created due to a persons behavior (Lemelson Tucker, 2015). A positive attribute towards a mentally ill patient is a way of assisting the patients recovery. Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory guide the nurse in providing care corresponding to cultural values, beliefs, and practices to a patient (Jenkins, 2015). Attitudes involve understanding beliefs, feelings and values (Ross, 2013). Justins culture was more traditional and needed someone who clearly understands it to deal will Justins condition. Through respecting the attributes and values, Justin would communicate more about his condition hence helping him having the right medication. 4. Justine loves his family and has passion about them in session 4. He says he hates being in the hospital and missing his family makes him feel worse he even describes himself being a happy go lucky person because he enjoys family gatherings and having his mates around. He has always grown with the sense of working and supporting his family though his condition has let him down (Harriet, 2015). The adaptation theory can assist Justin in adopting a new environment and change from the remote areas to the new environment where he has to receive health care (Jenkins, 2015). He loves his country and has never been away from home. He has always been taught to invite people from other nations (Seth, 2014). Justins family should acknowledge the effects of his illness and have hopes that he will recover. When family clearly understands his condition through love and support, he is likely to feel appreciated by the family and his presence being acknowledged. They should also do things that support him and encourage him in his journey to recovery. By showing interest, Justins will recover faster because he already acknowledges his family and loves them back. Having a mental illness and a diabetic patient at home is not easy for his family too. However courage comes from the family, and this should support Justins condition to getting better (Napier, 2015). 5. A sustainable society exists within self-perpetuating limits of the environment with the community recognizing the growth and alternatives. According to the environmental theory, the act of utilizing the environment helps greatly in a patients recovery (Jenkins, 2015). Justin environment was remote where he lived with his parents and siblings and the extended family. Growing in a remote area with strong cultural background could have been a reason for delayed recovery process (Athena, 2014). Justin had critical cultural affiliations and beliefs which had been handed down from generations to generations. The most active alliances being his uncle Reggie and his family with is uncle being close hence playing a cultural role (Kennedy Fried, 2015). During his upbringing uncle, Reggie taught him stories of his people, spirituality and cultural he also learned about bush medicine and Tucker for healing (Harriet, 2015) With Justin believing on tradition and bush medicine he thought that treatment in the city would not help him in his process. He saw his cultural rights being manipulated by being taken to a city hospital while he had believed in the traditional healing process. 6. Culturally safe care is the actions in the health care system which recognizes and respects different cultural ethnicities of different patients, safely meeting each expectation and their rights (Heather, 2015). Justin was brought up in a deep spiritual and cultural affiliations and with the new environment which he encountered during this treatment made him resist the new culture. Statistics by Heather, (2015) show that people who cultural health care are more likely to get healed faster because they have a feeling of empowerment throughout their healing process. Culturally safe patients are more willing to share information about their health concerns due to the home feeling; they feel cared for and their culture being respected. Patients are more willing to come back for treatment and follow recommended treatment given by their medicals (Athena, 2014). Learning of patients culture is important, and the process begins by understanding the background information of a patient understanding popular myths in the patient's region (Athena 2014). The health practitioners who take care of Justin should know the cultures of where he comes from having in mind that he comes from a more remote area. They should also value his culture openly and avoid all stereotypical barriers between themselves. Culture care theory mainly explains the awareness of diversity between different cultures and races which help in the health care setting (Jenkins, 2015). 7. Attention and behavior reveal much of a persons emotional state and attitude. According to Justins mental statement and examination, he spoke through his speech in a slow manner; there was latency in his response and monotone and devoid of expression (Ross, 2013). He often provided monosyllabic answers unless prompted. His mood was described low and lacked energy and motivation, his appetite decreased immensely for the last six months and had difficulty in sleeping and reported that he work up early. There was evidence of diurnal mood variation stating that he feels down at the beginning of the day, therefore, spending the rest of the day sleeping (Jenkins, 2015). The mood is a persons steady emotional state, and when they appear depressed, they develop questions of suicidal because they think they are becoming a bother to the community. According to mental health assessment for Justin, the helping art of clinical nursing theory is portrayed with accessing of the purpose of the ex amination, the art and the main purpose of the assessment (Scully, 2013). 8. People form of communication varies from different cultures, and the primary aspect is language usage. According to Justins one to one intervention notes on session one he is given the chance to express himself, and he says that he is taken to crazy people ward. In traditional cultures, a higher sense of value is placed on maintaining relationships and that what the nurses tried to keep (Scully, 2013). According to Hildegard Peplaus Interpersonal Relations Theory, the relationship between the nurse and Justin is very crucial in his wellbeing so as to cover the gap between his remote area and the city. This theory can help Justin rational thinking of traditional medicine to the modern medicine (Mutsatsa, 2015). Maintaining a close relationship with the patient results to the patients opening up about his conditions (Athena, 2014). Justins opens up about his uncles death which has led them to grieve and his family and even how he feels that he is letting his family down. The interviewer doesnt use complicated words on Justin giving room for Justin to open up even more. Due to this Justin accepts to be meeting daily for a 30-minute session and agreed to start a list of feelings and get clarifications were possible. The health professionals gave Justin the rights of making his decisions as a form of appreciating his culture and conditions (Sederer, 2013). During all the sessions Justin is given a chance to express himself in his manner of the way and not forced to attend the meetings. The roles of decisions may vary differently from cultures, and the health practitioners respected that. In the fifth day of his session, he did not attend claiming that he was too tired though no one forced him to attend (Jenkins, 2015). 9. Justin remains in a low mood even on his seventh day; he still says he has nothing to live for and doesnt see any future for himself. He doesnt feel good about himself and believes that he should not go back into the community because his dreams are telling him that he has done something terrible. Suicidal identification is seen with Justin articulation to end his life and wishes that he had more energy and would run and just do it. However, options of discharging him are mention to him briefly, and he has said that he wants to go home, his family are happy, but he still prefers to stay in bed (Sederer, 2013). The theory of goal attainment by Imogene describes the nurse and family go hand in hand with patience recovery and attainment of his goals (Hemingway Greenman, 2015). However, his family has to support his well-being by being bit closer for him to feel the warmth of their love because we will be closer to his family than the medics (Harriet, 2015). His family should also encourage him in his life endeavors and show him that he is not a loser this will motivate him more in his healing process. 10. About Justins story have learned its good to be self-aware of your culture by working out self-believes and values just like Justin. He believed in his ancestor's lands, and his family maintained strong cultural beliefs which have been from generation to generation. Justin was thought about his people by his uncle. However, he did not interact with other cultures due to living in a remote area all his life far from the city. Talking to people of different cultures is necessary for also understanding their cultures and knowing the barriers between them. By doing research for various cultures will help understanding other different cultures (Mutsatsa, 2015). The philosophy of science and caring is shown in the entire Justins process by demonstrating care in the described processes, promoting growth and healing processes. Bibliography Athena, D. 2014. Communicating about health: current issues and perspectives, New York: Oxford University Press. Every, D. 2015. "Different but also the same: mental illness and bushfire planning, preparation and response." Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Vol 30 no. 4. Gleig, A. 2014. "Dharma Diversity and Deep Inclusivity at the East Bay Meditation Center: From Buddhist Modernism to Buddhist Postmodernism." Contemporary Buddhism, v15 n2 312-331. Available at https: /title/dharma-diversity-and-deep-inclusivity-at-the-east- bay-meditation-center-from-buddhist-modernism-to-buddhist 7referer=brief_results Napier, D. 2014. Making things better: a workbook on ritual, cultural values, and environmental behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. Enrico, G. 2013. Back to normal: why ordinary childhood behavior is mistaken for ADHD, bipolar disorder, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. : Boston: Beacon Press. Harriet, A. 2015. Infectious madness: the surprising science of how we "catch" mental illness New York: Little, Brown and Company. Heather, H. 2015. Madness: American Protestant responses to mental illness. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. Jenkins, J. 2015. Extraordinary conditions: culture and experience in mental illness. Oakland, California: University of California Press. Scully, J. 2013. Am I sane yet? : An insider's look at mental illness. Toronto [Ont.]: Dundurn Press. Available at https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17043361-am-i-sane-yet . Sederer, L. 2013. The family guide to mental health care. New York; London: W.W. Norton Company. Hemingway, M. Greenman, B. 2015. Out came the sun: overcoming the legacy of mentalillness, addiction, and suicide in my family. New York, NY: Regan Arts. Mental illness and addiction. New York: Blue Rider Press. Kennedy, P. Fried, S. 2015. A common struggle: a personal journey through the past and Future of New York: Blue Rider Press. Lemelson, R Tucker, A. 2015. "Steps toward an integration of psychological and visual anthropology: issues raised in the production of the film series Afflictions: culture and mental Illness in Indonesia." Ethos. vol. 43, no. 1. Ross, J. 2013. Chemotherapy in psychiatry: pharmacologic basis of treatments for major mental illness. New York, NY: Springer. Seth, N. 2014. Diversity, social justice, and inclusive excellence: transdisciplinary and global perspectives. Albany: State University of New York Press. Mutsatsa, S. 2015. Physical healthcare and promotion in mental health nursing. Los Angeles: SAGE/Learning Matters.

Section 5 Essay Example

Section 5 Paper †¢ What is a trophic state of a water body, and what factors influence this state? †¦? Factors influencing are P, Chlorophyll, and turbidity.Temperature, pH, sediment load, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, metalsOligotrophic: BlueEutrophic: GreenMesotrophic: In between. †¢ What factors affect the temperature of a water body? Water upstream, ground water vs. surface run off. †¢ What factors affect the pH of a water body? Acids and bases. Inputs and by alkalinity and acid neutralizing capacity. †¢ What factors affect the dissolved oxygen of a water body? Affected by temperature, altitude, turbulence, and partial pressure in the dissolved phase (autotrophs). Oxygenating bodies increases degradation of organic matter load and can be applied as a restoration technique. †¢ How can high sediment load impair water quality? It delivers nutrients and toxins, shade water columns, fills pore space, water temperature, habitat†¦? †¢ Which two elements are â€Å"nutrients†, and what are sources of these nutrients to water bodies? Nitrogen and Phosphorous – most commonly limit growth of aquatic plants and algae. Sources: Natural fixation, fertilized, fossil fuel combustion. †¢ Define eutrophication, and list some of its harmful consequences. Process where water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth. Negative effects can include hypoxia (depletion of oxygen in the water†¦ can result in reductions in fish and other animal populations). Excessive algae, their death results in depletion of oxygen in water.

All quiet on the Western Front1 essays

All quiet on the Western Front1 essays Whenever one reads or hears about World War I or World War II, you hear of the struggles and triumphs of the British, Americans or any of the other Allies. And they always speak of the evil and menacing German army. However, All Quiet on the Western Front gives the reader some insight and a look at a group of young German friends who are fighting in World War I. This story is neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war..... The soldiers of this war felt they were neither heroes nor did they know what they were fighting for. These soldiers were pulled from the innocence of their childhood, and thrown into a world of rage. Yet somehow they still managed to have heart and faith in man kind and could not look the opponent in the eye and kill him. For he was man too, he too had a wife and children at home, he too was pulled out of his home to fight for a cause he didn't understand. The comrades were taught to fight. They were taught to kill the British and their allies. The comrades had no personal reason to fight with the other, except that it was an order and must be done. They were not fighting because they held a strong passion for their country, or felt deeply for the cause of the war. Albert simply states, ...almost all of us are simple folk. And in France, too, the majority of men are laborers, workmen, or poor clerks. Now just why would a French blacksmith or a French shoemaker want to attack us? No, its merely the rulers. I had never seen a Frenchman before I came here, and it will be just the same with the majority of Frenchmen as regards us. They weren't asked about it any more then we were. These soldiers lacked passion for the war. They ...

Social Entrepreneurism Module Case Study Coursework

Social Entrepreneurism Module Case Study - Coursework Example Therefore, their goals are short term, and they are the beneficiaries in the business venture. Parallel to this, social entrepreneurs invest in long-term investments where the society is the immediate beneficiary (Dees, Emerson & Economy, 2002). John Mackey started a healthy grocery using funds from savings and family borrowing. The main goal of John Mackey in starting the business was to help people acquire healthy groceries to reduce increased health problems. Later on, the business merged with two other groceries to form the ‘whole foods’. John Mackey is a social entrepreneur because his business had a long-term business venture with the first priority to promote societys prosperity to the maximum. He also confessed that he wanted to create a business venture that would promote human well-being for the community at large. He spent six years in school learning business entrepreneurship. He dropped from school frequently to support his social entrepreneurship venture. There are several characteristics that I learned from John Mackey’s entrepreneurship skills. There are various skills that I would relate to John Mackey’s entrepreneurship skills. First, he is skilled in the field of entrepreneurship. John Mackey spent years in college mostly learning the fields that he was interested in most. These skills helped him fulfill his entrepreneurship goal. This shows the need for one to have entrepreneurship knowledge, which helps one to make the right business decisions. Second, Mackey was determined to see his business venture succeed. He used six years in college learning and entrepreneuring at the same time. This shows how much determination it takes for a social entrepreneur to be successful. Third, Mackey was strategic in making his business decisions. He saw the need for his business to merge with two other groceries in order for the business to be more stable and increase the customer numbers. Lastly, Mackey was passionate in providing

Humanities and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanities and film - Essay Example In other words, the moving images we see on film largely represent a filmmaker’s vivid imaginations and creative expression resulting to an artistic creation. Consequently, this depiction of feelings and ideas through film affect our emotion and move us; so much so that it enables us to reflect about the condition of our own existence and time here on earth. Indeed, what makes film a significant art form is that it reveals an artist’s portrayal of an idea or situation that deeply touches our humanity. A filmmaker’s task goes beyond recording footages and presenting them to general viewers. Like any form of art, film making involves a rigorous task of carefully choosing the right composition of shots and capturing vivid emotions to achieve the desired cinematic movement and expression. In this way, film enables us to reveal our humanity because it allows us to relate and reflect on the moving pictures shown to us on screen. When we watch a film, it shows that we are human beings with fragile emotions when we start to cry over a dramatic act or laugh at a funny scene. Our emotions are impulsively reacting what to what we see – which is merely the result of a filmmaker’s artistic expression and interpretation of a narrative plot. Moreover, the significance of film in the study of humanities is revealed on how stories are created and interpreted to reveal our human condition. Some films tell stories that depict our present reality, in such a way that its primary purpose is to mirror what is going on in our society. On the other hand, some films revolve around our imaginations which describe stories about the â€Å"dream life of our culture† (Wall, 1998, p.1). Because human stories and aspirations are depicted on film, we are able to transport ourselves into a different place and see how other individuals live. By seeing a different perspective on

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay Robotics is technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of  robots  that are used in numerous applications is called robotics. It has become an unstoppable force in the development of modern machinery as they make life easier. It is an interesting topic to dwell in as it is the future of mankind. Although we know them as recent inventions, the idea of automated or controlled machines has fascinated humans. With this fascination it motivated me to work on this project, building and programming a mobile robotic arm. It is my hunger to learn and attain knowledge that drives me towards this field of study for my project. C:UsersDanDesktopImages21042010(002).jpg Figure 1.1.1 : Mobile Robotic Arm 1.2 Introduction to Robotics Robotics is an interesting topic of research. Basically it is an engineering field that is concerned with research and creation of robots for various applications. Robots are machines that consist of electronic and mechanical parts such as gears and cogs put together for performing tasks in place of humans. They can be programmed to perform a whole range of tasks with ease. They are most desired for certain functions because they never tire, they can endure harsh physical conditions that is possibly life threatening and they never get bored or distracted from repetitious work. The number of robots has begun to increase in numbers everywhere as they make human labour almost non-existent with their efficiency and throughput. They can work with the simplest of materials to the most dangerous such as radioactive materials. They can be found more commonly in industrial use from production lines of factories to harvesting of fruits in orchards. In domestic use, from vacuum cleaning to lawn mowing where these domestic tasks have become boring for a human to undertake and would rather leave it to robots. In the more modern military use, robots play an important role to reduce human casualties from dangerous jobs such as bomb defusal and not forgetting space exploration where it might not be possible for humans to explore and for collecting terrain sample from foreign planets. For exploring enemy territories unmanned aerial vehicles are used from which these pilotless drones can search terrains for hostiles and fire on targets. Robots are meant to complete tasks that it is programmed to do. Programs can always be altered to suit the task at hand. As robots become more advanced they gain more features such as sensors and artificial intelligence as they become more human like. Examples of sensors include motion sensors, temperature sensors, light and many more various types. For example, in pathfinder robots we usually find a motion sensor which aids a robot in avoiding obstacles. In other applications for example in a water tank when the water has reached a certain level the sensor enables the robot to stop the flow of water. It can be used in industrial applications such as gripping objects from conveyor belts or it can be used in a more advanced role such as bomb defusal, where it would be dangerous for a human to interact. With camera attachments, humans can control these machines from a safe distance while completing the task at hand in a safe and efficient manner. In the medical field where a more delicate touch is required, a robotic arm can perform tiny incisions for a less invasive method. With a robotic arm jobs can be done with ease and efficiency and thus eliminate human errors and the costs that come with those errors. http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mech324/handouts/linkage_stuff/Mars_rover.png Figure 1.2.1 : Mars Rover 1.3 Objectives The aim of this project is to build a robotic arm for the purpose of lifting and moving small objects. It is just like a human arm with joints to facilitate movement. The end attachment features a gripper which is able to grab and hold objects and also a probe light in order to work in low light scenarios. The arm is controlled via wired remote. It is rested on a mobile base which is fitted with 2 rear wheels and 2 robot castors at the front. This allows the robot to move to the desired location where the object is. The objectives of this project are: To understand and develop core knowledge in robotics. To apply the knowledge of robotics and design a prototype. To implement the designs and build an actual prototype. Figure 1.3.1 : Project Layout End Insert Instruction Codes into PIC Test Prototype Evaluate Coding in relation to hardware design Write Codes Discuss Movement Concept Propose Objectives1.4 Design Stage Figure 1.4.1 : Design Flow Chart This simple flowchart can explain the overall process involved in this project. After the objectives have been proposed the robot movement and motion concept is discussed and after that the codes are written. It is downloaded into the microcontroller for testing. If testing fails we return to the code stage and evaluate the coding. The process reaches the end after testing passes. Chapter 2: Robot Overview 2.1 Hardware Design This aim of this project is to design a mobile robotic arm. The arm part consists of two joints which enable 2 degree of movement and at the end of the top joint is a gripper which enables objects to be gripped by the attachment. The base has two wheels at the back and at the front two robot castors which has ball bearings underneath. This project involves two parts which is hardware and software. However both parts are intricately connected and it is hard to actually separate them completely. This report will focus more on the software aspect. There will be some minor hardware introduction as understanding of the hardware is required to work with the software. Here is the component list for the hardware: Component Amount Microcontroller PIC18F4520 1 Motor Driver SN754410 1 4.7k Ohm Resistor 1 1uF Capacitor 4 0.33uF Capacitor 1 0.1uF Capacitor 1 L7805 Voltage Regulator 1 20MHz Oscillator 1 9 Volt Battery 1 C40R Servo Motor 3 C55R Servo Motor 1 Servo Holder 4 Servo U Bracket 2 SPG10 Geared Motor 2 42mm Wheels 2 Robot Castors 2 Table 2.1.1 : Hardware Components To write the software one must be familiar with the hardware functionality, configuration and settings. The hardware of significant importance would be the microcontroller as the program is stored there. It sends the signal to the pins where other devices are connected. One of those devices is the servo motor. It is what controls the arm and base. Actual control of the servos is by buttons. Those buttons are connected to the microcontroller and is able to control the servo thru programming of the microcontroller. It is done by generating and manipulating PWM signals which will be discussed later. PROJECT BOARD 20.0 cm 24.0 cm 10.0 cm 25.6 cmTOP PROFILE.jpg Figure 2.1.1 : Robot Layout 2.2 Software Design After the purpose and specifications are determined it is time to plan and design the software. Most modern robots are controlled by sophisticated software. Creation and modification of the software is crucial to make machines work the way we want it to. There are many ways a machine can be programmed. The software is usually stored in the heart of the machine which is either a microprocessor or a microcontroller depending on what the machine does and how it works. That device is the brains of the robot as all the instructions are stored there. The software is the link for the user to the hardware as the program relays the instructions to the robot in machine code. The user writes the program in computer language which will then be converted into machine code by the compiler. There are many computer languages available to write programs such assembly, C, Pascal, BASIC and FORTH. For this project the microcontroller that is used is Microchips PIC18F4520. The language used to program the microcontroller is C. C is a simple and procedural language and it has influenced many later languages such Java. It is generally variable and function based. Values are stored in variables for easy access and it is structured by defining and calling functions to perform tasks. C allows precise control of the input and output. The input and output can be easily directed to the microcontroller terminals. The IDE (integrated development environment) that is used for this project is MPLAB which is a 32bit program used for the software development of this project along with the MPLAB C18 compiler add-on to allow the codes to be written in C . This is the screenshot of the development environment: C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesUntitled.jpg Figure 2.2.1: MPLAB IDE The general idea of writing the program is to control the pins of the microcontroller. The robot arm mechanism and the base mechanism will be separated for easier explanation. The arm is made up of the 1st stage, 2nd stage, the left gripper and the right gripper. Control of the servos is by generating PWM signals which will be discussed in detail in chapter 4. By manipulation of these PWM signals we can control the servo movement to a certain angle with great precision. For the DC motors in the base, it is controlled via motor controller. By manipulating logic combinations we will be able to control the movement and direction of the base. Infinite loop to check for button press A button is pressed Necessary routine or function is called to move servo/ DC motor End Figure 2.2.2 : General Software Flowchart This is a general flowchart to represent the program flow. A while loop with an infinite condition is used to continuously check if a button has been pressed. If a button is pressed it will call the necessary function to run the specific device whether it is the servo or the DC motor. Chapter 3: Hardware Information 3.1 Microcontroller This project makes use of Microchip Technologys PIC18F4520 microcontroller. Lets discuss in detail what is a microcontroller and how it makes this project work. Notice that a microcontroller is chosen instead of a microprocessor for this project for a number of reasons. To make the choice, one must know the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor in terms of functionality and application. Both are typically a small computer in the form of an integrated circuit which contains things like registers, memory, I/O, interrupts and timers. They vary in terms of number of I/O, registers, clock speed and memory size. Microcontrollers are usually for cases that involve a lot of input output devices in contrast to a microprocessor which is usually used for heavy data applications. So that means microcontrollers dominate the robotics and automation industry. Lets examine closely what it looks like and the detailed features for this particular microcontroller, the PIC18F4520. Its versatility, robust nature and features contributed to the choosing of this IC. The detailed features along with its operation can be found in the datasheet for the microcontroller. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesPIC18F4520IP.jpg Figure 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Parameter Name   Value   Program Memory Type   Flash   Program Memory (KB)   32   CPU Speed (MIPS)   10   RAM Bytes   1,536   Data EEPROM (bytes)   256   Digital Communication Peripherals   1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C)   Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals   1 CCP, 1 ECCP   Timers   1 x 8-bit, 3 x 16-bit   ADC   13 ch, 10-bit   Comparators   2   Temperature Range (C)   -40 to 125   Operating Voltage Range (V)   2 to 5.5   Pin Count   40 Table 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Specifications Peripheral Highlights: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High-current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Three programmable external interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four input change interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules, one with Auto-Shutdown (28-pin devices) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module (40/44-pin devices only): One, two or four PWM outputs Selectable polarity Programmable dead time Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (all 4 modes) and I2Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Master and Slave Modes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Addressable USART module: Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN 1.2 RS-232 operation using internal oscillator block (no external crystal required) Auto-Wake-up on Start bit Auto-Baud Detect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10-bit, up to 13-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D): Auto-acquisition capability Conversion available during Sleep à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing) Power Managed Modes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Run: CPU on, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle: CPU off, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep: CPU off, peripherals off à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle mode currents down to 5.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep mode current down to 0.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timer1 Oscillator: 1.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A, 32 kHz, 2V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Watchdog Timer: 2.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-Speed Oscillator Start-up Flexible Oscillator Structure: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four Crystal modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 4X Phase Lock Loop (available for crystal and internal oscillators) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External RC modes, up to 4 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External Clock modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internal oscillator block: 8 user selectable frequencies, from 31 kHz to 8 MHz Provides a complete range of clock speeds from 31 kHz to 32 MHz when used with PLL User tuneable to compensate for frequency drift à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondary oscillator using Timer1 @ 32 kHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fail-Safe Clock Monitor: Allows for safe shutdown if peripheral clock stops Special Microcontroller Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ C compiler optimized architecture: Optional extended instruction set designed to optimize re-entrant code à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flash/Data EEPROM Retention: 100 years typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self-programmable under software control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Priority levels for interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 8 x 8 Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programmingà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (ICSPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable 16-level High/Low-Voltage Detection (HLVD) module: Supports interrupt on High/Low-Voltage Detection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR With software enable option Here is a list of pins and how they are connected in the circuit. Pin Name Pin Number (PDIP) Functions MCLR 1 Reset RA1 3 Servo PWM Input RA2 4 Servo PWM Input RA3 5 Servo PWM Input RA4 6 Servo PWM Input VDD 11 +5V VSS 12 Grounded OSC1 13 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input OSC2 14 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input RC0 15 IN2 of Motor Driver RC1 16 IN1 of Motor Driver RC3 18 IN4 of Motor Driver RD0 19 IN3 of Motor Driver VSS 31 Grounded VDD 32 +5V RB0 33 Motor Push Button RB1 34 Motor Push Button RB2 35 Motor Push Button RB3 36 Motor Push Button RB4 37 Servo Arm Push Button RB5 38 Servo Arm Push Button RB6 39 Servo Arm Push Button RB7 40 Servo Arm Push Button Table 3.1.2 : Pin Connections C:UsersDanialDesktopFull Schem.JPG Figure 3.1.2 : Full Schematics 3.2 Motor Driver Figure 3.2.1 : SN754410 Motor Driver The SN754410NE is a quadruple half-H driver. The SN754410 can operate a pair of DC motors at the same time. It gives the robot bidirectional movements. It carries the peak output currents up to 1 ampere at a voltage range of 4.5 to 36V. The SN754410 has a minimum logic voltage of 4.5V and a maximum logic voltage of 5.5V. This driver is made to operate from a -400C to 850C. Drivers are enabled in pairs. Driver 1 and driver 2 are enabled by 1,2EN. Driver 3 and driver 4 are enabled by 3,4EN. When the input is low, the drivers are disabled and the outputs are off. If the input is high, the drivers are enabled and the outputs are on. Figure 3.2.2 : SN754410 Motor Driver Pinout Pin 1 (1,2EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 2 (1A) is a logic pin for the motor Pin 3 (1Y) is for Motor A Pin 4, 5 are for grounding Pin 6 (2Y) is for Motor A Pin 7 (2A) connected to the motor Pin 8 (VCC2) connected to source for motor power Pin 9 (3,4EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 10 (3A) connected to the motor Pin 11 (3Y) is for Motor B Pin 12, 13 are for grounding Pin 14 (4Y) is for Motor B Pin 15 (4A) connected to the motor INPUTS OUTPUT Y H = High Level L = Low Level X = Do Not Matter XX = OFF A EN H H H L H L X L XX Table 3.2.1 : SN754410 Function Table C:UsersDanialDesktopMotor.JPG Figure 3.2.3 : Motor Schematics 3.3 DC Motor This project will use the SPG10 Geared Motor that has 1.3 kg/cm torque. This motor is light enough to not weigh down the robot and only weighs 10 grams. It runs at 45 rpm. Figure 3.3.1 : SPG10 Motor C:UsersDanDesktopImages23042010(001).jpg Figure 3.3.2 : Motor Wheel 3.4 Servo Motor A servo is a mechanism used in robotic control systems. It is a mechanism that the user can set and forget. This is because of its ability to make corrections to return to its preset state if any changes occur. This is thanks to feedback operations. A servo is a casing that contains a DC motor, some gears with an output shaft, a variable resister that is connected to the output shaft, and a control board. The sensor mechanism allows the control circuit to monitor the current. The motor, through a series of gears, turns the output. The control circuit calculates the difference from the intended position from the current position the shaft is in. This makes the motor turn to its new position. If the control circuit senses that the position is accurate, it brings to a halt the motor. There are three connections to a servo; the power line, the ground line and finally the control signal. The servo needs to be told when to move and wont do so even if power is provided directly. The servo utilizes pulse width modulation (PWM) stream to indicate its position. Specification Servo Motor Model At 5 Volts Speed (s/60o) 0.19 Torque (Kg.cm) 6.00 Signal To Control Angle TTL PWM PWM At Min Angle (ms) 0.54 PWM At Max Angle (ms) 2.40 Operating Voltage (VDC) 4.8-6.0 Operating Frequency (Hz) 50.0 Moving Range(degree) 0-180 Wiring (Black/Brown Wire) Ground Wiring (Red Wire) 4.8-6.0 Volts Wiring (Orange/Other Wire) PWM Signal Table 3.4.1 : Servo Specifications C:UsersDanialDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 3.4.1 : Servo Motor C:UsersDanialDesktopServo.JPG Figure 3.4.2 : Servo Schematic Chapter 4: Software Coding 4.1 PWM Generation PWM is simply the short form for pulse-width modulation. It is an efficient way to provide intermediate amounts of electrical power between fully on and fully off. This means PWM signals are digital, because at any instant given instant of time, the full DC supply is either fully on or fully off. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Many microcontrollers include on-chip PWM controllers, like the one which is used this project, which makes this easy for controlling the servos for this project. One of the advantages of PWM is that the signal remains digital all the way from the processor to the controlled system and no digital-to-analog conversion is necessary. By keeping the signal digital, noise effects are minimized. Noise can only affect a digital signal if it is strong enough to change logic 1 to logic 0, or vice versa. PWM is the basis of controlling the servos in this project. Lets examine some basic theory. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm.gif Figure 4.1.1 : PWM Square Wave The diagram above shows a PWM signal that changes between 0 and 5 volts which is equivalent as digital logic 0 and 1. Notice that the waves are symmetrical. The uptime and downtime is 10ms when added together we get the period which is 20ms. Now that the basics are out of the way, lets look at how a normal servo signal input looks like. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm_servo.gif Figure 4.1.2 : PWM Wave Note that the servo runs at 50Hz frequency and therefore the period is 20ms. The uptime is what determines the angle of which the servo motor moves to. In simple words, we can tell the servo where to move with great precision. These are some examples for 180 ° servos. t = 0.9ms T = 20ms Angle = 0 ° t = 1.5ms T = 20ms Angle = 90 ° t = 2.1ms T = 20ms Angle = 180 ° The next step is to create these PWM signals using the PIC microcontroller. The PWMs is in this switch statement: switch(count){ //Choose which servo to modify case 1: PORTA = 0x02; // First Stage WriteTimer1( servo3 ); break; case 2: PORTA = 0x04; // Left Gripper WriteTimer1( servo1 ); break; case 3: PORTA = 0x08; //Right Gripper WriteTimer1( servo0 ); break; case 4: PORTA = 0x10; // Second Stage WriteTimer1( servo2 ); break; } Figure 4.1.3 : Switch Statement The operations for the timers are split in to 4 possible cases of how to generate PWM signal to the pins to power the servos. This is what the statement does:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //INTERRUPT CONTROL #pragma code InterruptVectorHigh=0x08 void InterruptVectorHigh (void) { _asm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code starts goto InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //interrupt control _endasm  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code ends } #pragma code #pragma interrupt InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //end interrupt controlCase 1 turns PortA1 On and resets the timer1.   Case 2 turns PortA1 Off, PortA2 on and resets the timer1. Case 3 turns PortA2 Off, PortA3 on and resets the timer1. Case 4 turns PortA3 Off, PortA4 on and resets the timer1. Figure 4.1.4 : Interrupt Handler The switch statement is nested in the interrupt handler function. The interrupt handler handles the timer operations. The interrupt control runs assembly code and then calls the go-to function which is InterruptHandlerHigh. The interrupt controller is set at high priority 0x08. Once the interrupt control is correctly implemented interrupts is sent to the interrupt handler where we can do whatever operation necessary depending on the type of interrupt.   4.2 Arm Control void move(int one,int two,int three,int four, int five) { if(one) servo0 = one; // Right Gripper if(two) servo1 = two; // Left Gripper if(three) servo2 = three; // Second Stage Link if(four) servo3 = four; // First Stage Link }A move function is declared to make things easier when linking with buttons. The arguments of the move function are the respective position the servo moves to when it is called upon. Figure 4.2.1 : Move Function After the move function is declared it can be called when the specific button is pressed. //Arm Control if(PORTBbits.RB7==1) move(0xF03B,0xF477,0,0,0); //GRIP! if(PORTBbits.RB6==1) move(0,0,(servo2-0x0250),(servo3+0x0100),0); //MOVE AWAY if(PORTBbits.RB5==1) move(0,0,(servo2+0x0250),(servo3-0x0100),0); //MOVE TOWARDS if(PORTBbits.RB4==1) move(0xFA77,0xEE07,0,0,0); //UNGRIP! Figure 4.2.2 : Arm Button Check There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the arm. PortB pin 0: Close the gripper PortB pin 1: Move arm away PortB pin 2: Move arm towards PortB pin 3: Open the gripper C:UsersVictorDesktopImagesClose Gripper.jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Close Gripper This picture depicts a closed gripper state that is triggered by the button. The following figure is how the robotic arm will look when it is triggered to open both grippers. C:UsersDanDesktop22042010(007).jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Open Gripper 4.3 Base Control The only thing that needs to be controlled in the base is the 2 DC geared motors. It is linked with the microcontroller through the H-bridge. The motors rotational direction is determined by a combinational logic code as seen in the data sheet of the motor driver. It is the same with the servo, when a button is pressed certain commands will be executed. //Base Control if(PORTBbits.RB3==1) { //Forward control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB2==1) { //Reverse control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.1 : Base Button Check (Forward/Reverse) if(PORTBbits.RB1==1) { //Left control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB0) { //Right Control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.2 : Base Button Check (Left/Right) There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the base. PortB pin 4: Forward PortB pin 5: Reverse PortB pin 6: Move right PortB pin 7: Move left 4.4 Simulation C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 4.4.1 : Watch Simulation The MPLAB software allows a minimal amount of simulation to show that the program is written correctly. Due to software limitation on the PIC18F4520 it is unable to correctly show port activities. However it does show variable activity like in the figure by using the watch feature in the MPLAB. This screenshot shows the stepping when reaching the OpenTimer1 function. A separate window opens to show the function and it will continue to step through the function until it is done. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled1.jpg Figure 4.4.2 : Program Stepping The stepping continues while opening the necessary functions in a separate window and steps though it until it is done. It reaches the while loop and it keeps looping as it waits for a button to be pressed. Figure 4.4.3 shows the final stage of the program stepping. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled3.jpg Figure 4.4.3 : Final Stepping Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendation 5.1 Summary This project has further expanded my interest and knowledge in the field of robotics. A project that is very hands on like this helps with the development of certain skills that would certainly help when I go on to become a professional engineer. The most important skill would be planning the stages of the project. To conclude, this project involved two phases which is the hardware design and software design. This report covered the software aspect in detail. In the early stages of this project different methods was planned for the outcome. At the start, the use of a PLC (programmable logic controller) was planned. However it proved to be infeasible in terms of cost and size. In the end it was decided that a PIC microcontroller was to be use as it is easier to implement with respect to the project and provides a great deal of functionality. The programming was made easier with the addition of the C compiler thus enabling the use of a higher level language which is C. With the use of a language of higher level it would be easier to implement features that were not possible using the PLC. 5.2 Recommendations In this project, certain improvements can be made in order to make things work more efficiently. For example, the quick movements seen in the arm is because of the incrementer seen in the codes and lack true control software. By revising the software and introducing more control oriented design it is possible to fine tune the speed. Instead of the 2 robot castors that make up the front motion it could be replaced with wheels and a servo in between them to make the movement and control similar to remote controlled cars. The wired controller could be replaced with a wireless RF controller to allow more freedom to the user. The body work could be improved by using sturdier and lightweight materials such as aluminium. Some sensors could be added to enhance the normal usage of the arm.

Issues in special education Essay

Legal disputes between parents and school officials can be very costly. The cost is not just in dollars. It also involves costs in terms of the diversion of resources, the toll on school personnel, and, most importantly, the breakdown in the relationship between the parents and the school. The best way to deal with a legal dispute is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. In 1975 Congress passed landmark legislation designed to provide the nation’s students with disabilities with unprecedented access to educational services. Originally known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), that legislation is now known by its new title, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997). The statute, as amended, calls for school districts to provide students with disabilities with an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. The law also provides students with disabilities and their parents with due process rights, including the right to contest school district decisions regarding the provision of a free appropriate public education. Consequently, since the enactment of the law in 1975, literally thousands of lawsuits have been filed challenging school district decisions. The IDEA is not the only law governing special education in the schools. In addition, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA provide students with disabilities with additional protections. Section 504 prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities by recipients of federal funds. The ADA expands section 504’s discrimination prohibition to the private sector, but includes provisions applicable to public entities. In addition, all states currently have laws governing the provision of special education. Procedural issues Evaluation and Classification The IDEA requires states, and consequently school districts, to establish procedures to assure that all students with disabilities are properly identified and evaluated (IDEA, Â § 1412, a, 2, 1997). Those procedures, along with the test instruments chosen, may not be culturally or racially biased. In fact, students whose language or mode of communication is not English, must be evaluated in their native language or usual mode of communication (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 3, 1997). The IDEA stipulates that all assessments are to be administered by trained personnel in conformance with the instructions provided by the test producer (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 2, 1997). If a student is found to be eligible for special education, the school district is required to develop an individualized education program (IEP) for that child, but the IEP can be invalidated if it is based on a flawed evaluation of the child (Bonadonna v. Cooperman, 1985). The student is entitled to an independent evaluation if the parents disagree with the school district’s evaluation. However, the school district is required to pay for the independent evaluation only if the parents can show that the district’s evaluation was not appropriate. If the parents do obtain an independent evaluation, the school district must consider the results of that evaluation (Assistance to the States, Â § 300. 503, 1999). However, that does not mean that the school district must adopt the recommendations of the independent evaluator (G. D. v. Westmoreland School District, 1991). Rights of Parents and Guardians Parents are given considerable due process rights on behalf of their children in the special education process. The intent of the IDEAis for them to become partners with school district personnel in the development of IEPs. The school district must provide the parents with proper notice before it proposes to take any action regarding the child’s identification or placement (IDEA, Â § 1415, b, 3, 1997). The parents must be invited to participate in all meetings in which the student’s evaluation or placement will be considered (Assistance to the States, Â § 300.345, 1999). If the parents disagree with any decisions made by school district personnel, they may seek resolution either through voluntary mediation or an administrative due process hearing. If the parents disagree with the final result of the administrative hearing process, they may appeal to the federal or state courts (IDEA, Â § 1415, 1997). Failure to provide parents with the rights outlined in the IDEA can invalidate an otherwise appropriate IEP (Osborne, 1996). Change in Placement Procedures Once a child has been placed in special education, that placement may not be arbitrarily changed. Again, before any change in placement may occur, the parents must be given proper notification. The child’s placement also may not be changed while any administrative due process or judicial proceedings are pending absent parental consent or a court order (IDEA, Â § 1415, j, 1997). The actual determination of what constitutes a change in placement can be tricky. For example, if a special education classroom was physically moved from one school to another as part of a school district reorganization, that would not be considered a change in placement as long as the student’s IEP could be fully implemented in the new location. By the same token, the usual movement of a student from one level to another (i. e. , elementary to middle school) is not a change in placement if the student’s IEP can be fully implemented after the change (Osborne, 1996). However, any move that would affect the IEP or its implementation would be considered a change in placement. Obviously, changing a child from a resource room situation to a substantially separate class for students with behavioral disorders would be a change in placement. The elimination of a component of the student’s educational program would also constitute a change in placement (Abney v. District of Columbia, 1988). Minor changes are allowable, however. The key to determining whether or not the change is acceptable is how the modification will affect the student’s learning (DeLeon v. Susquehanna Community School District, 1984).

History of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

In 1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted to improve availability and continuity of health insurance coverage, combat fraud and abuse in health care delivery, provide access to long term care services and simplify administration of health insurance by standardizing information exchange between healthcare organizations. This act primarily protects the privacy and security of an individual’s health information in response to the rapid grown of health insurance and information systems (Questions and Answers on HIPAA). Transmission standards and code sets were included in HIPAA to standardize health-related information and to facilitate faster electronic data interchange (EDI) which allows exchange of information from computer to computer. The transactions and code set standards apply to patient-identifiable health information transmitted electronically. Without the need for human involvement or intervention to complete the process, the practitioner will be able to cut costs by eliminating third party clearing houses, administrators or billing services (Kibbe, 2001, p. 8). With the standardized information exchange, availability of patient information electronically can be obtained with ease. To protect the security and confidentiality of this information, Privacy Rule was issued to implement the requirement of HIPAA. The major goal of the privacy rule is to assure that an individual’s health information is protected from unauthorized access and disclosure while still allowing the exchange of information through EDI to facilitate payments and to provide high quality health care. Individually identifiable health information, called Protected Health Information (PHI) is any data that contains the individual’s past, present or future physical or mental health, provision of health care to the individual, and the payment of such in the past, present or future. It is the Office for Civil Rights’ (OCR) responsibility to ensure that the Privacy Rule is enforced and implemented with respect to voluntary compliance activities and civil money penalties (Office of Civil Rights, 2003). There are some instances, however, when disclosure of PHI is needed or permitted. Covered entities (health care providers, clearing houses, etc. ) may disclose protected health information to the public health authorities when public health and safety are at risk. This happens when an individual contracted a communicable disease that raises public concern. If an employee developed a work-related illness or injury and the employer requests for the employee’s PHI in compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other similar state law, the covered entities may release information about the individual. Likewise, information for treatment procedures requiring historical information and provided for by several health care services is granted to the health service providers, including consultations and referrals between providers regarding a patient. Protected Health Information of abused, neglected or domestic violence victims may also be disclosed to appropriate government authorities (such as reporting suspected domestic abuse to social welfare agencies) as long as the individual gives consent to disclosure, or the disclosure is authorized by law (Office of Civil Rights, 2003). The passage and implementation of HIPAA definitely improved the conditions of health care services. Uniform transmission and code sets standards paved the way for more efficient processing system, standardizing the way physicians, health insurance and health care providers handle and exchange information. With increased efficiency, costs are decreased. As Kibbe (2001) puts it in his article, â€Å"If there’s a silver lining to the HIPAA regulations, it’s here. These standards can save your practice time and money. † Although accessibility of information is one benefit of HIPAA, Privacy Rule protects the individuals from unauthorized disclosure of their Protected Health Information ensuring confidentiality and security of data exchanged in the process.